Developed by Prof Nira Liberman (YouTube link), Construal Level Theory (CLT) describes the relationship between psychological distance and the extent to which people’s thinking is concrete or abstract.
The more psychologically near (distant), the more concrete (abstract) our thinking.
Imagine, for example, you’re going on a hiking trip next year. Thinking about the trip, you’re likely to imagine the beautiful forest, the sense of accomplishment upon reaching the summit, and the revitalisation of the experience.
In other words, you’ll think about the ‘why’, and the general essence of the trip.
Now imagine you’re going on the hiking trip next week. Thinking about this trip you’re likely to imagine the trees, weather, mosquitoes and equipment. In other words, you’ll think about the ‘how’, and the incidental details of the trip.
It's the same event, but your mental representation is very different. Your brain systematically stores the information differently.
In one study, participants imagined they were going camping this coming weekend (near-future condition) or at the end of the year (distant-future condition). Then, they were provided with the following list of items and asked to group similar items together.
As predicted, participants in the distant-future condition used broader, more abstract categorisations and so created fewer groups.
The way their brain represented the items was very different to participants in the near-future condition who saw lots of little detailed and distinct groups.
What is Psychological distance?
Psychological distance comprises more than just time. We think more abstractly about things that are geographically further away from us (e.g., other side of the country), that are socially more distant (e.g., strangers), and that are more hypothetical (e.g., an unlikely event).
In other words, anything that moves away from our direct experience becomes more ‘psychologically distant’ and has the potential to stimulate an abstract mindset.
Which is better, near or distant construal?
Sometimes it’s better to be near-focused, while other times it’s better to be distant-focused.
For example, when we’re distant-focused we tend to exhibit greater prejudice, but we’re also more likely to resist unhealthy snacking, quit smoking and save money.
How is Construal Level Theory helpful for designing interventions?
The advertisement literature is leading the way in using CLT for designing interventions. This literature shows the features that we value about a product depend on whether it’s psychologically near or psychologically distant.
A classic study presented customers with a radio that also had an alarm clock (a secondary incidental feature). It’s always a good idea to promote the central feature of a product (the sound quality is amazing!). However, promoting the secondary feature (the alarm clock is surprisingly useful!) also become a persuasive message when psychologically near.
In other words, what you choose to promote about a product should be guided by the expected psychological distance experienced by the target audience.
Another study showed that you need to be consistent with your message.
Imagine placing an advertisement in a magazine for a new brand of bottled water. You can promote either the near-future benefits (wanna cool down?) or the distant-future benefits (wanna live longer?).
You also have a choice between two background images, one focusing on the near icy sea while the other focusing on the distant sky. Well believe it or not, but it helps to be consistent, with the exclusively near (top left) and distant (bottom right) advertisements proving most effective.
So the next time you’re trying to influence behaviour, take a moment to think about how CLT can guide your intervention.
If you would like to learn more, see how researchers have used this theory to better understand interpersonal processes and health and environmental behaviours.
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References
Nira Liberman, Michael D Sagristano, Yaacov Trope, The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 38, Issue 6, 2002,
Rudzinska-Wojciechowska J. If you want to save, focus on the forest rather than on trees. The effects of shifts in levels of construal on saving decisions. PLoS One. 2017 May 26;12(5):e0178283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178283. PMID: 28552943; PMCID: PMC5446163.
Price, Menna & Higgs, Suzanne & Lee, Michelle. (2016). Snack Intake Is Reduced Using an Implicit, High-Level Construal Cue. Health Psychology. 35. 923-926. 10.1037/hea0000322.
Roose, Gudrun, et al. "A match made in heaven or down under? The effectiveness of matching visual and verbal horizons in advertising." Journal of Consumer Psychology 29.3 (2019): 411-427.
Trope, Yaacov, and Nira Liberman. "Temporal construal and time-dependent changes in preference." Journal of personality and social psychology 79.6 (2000): 876.
Original by Research Fellow, Fraser Tull.
Updated on 11/5/23 by Research Fellow, Peter Slattery.
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